A new study by researchers at the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science reveals that used vehicles sent from Great Britain to lower-income countries fail British roadworthiness standards, are more polluting and less fuel efficient than those sent to be scrapped.
Published today in Nature Climate Change, the study found that exported used vehicles generate at least 13-53% more emissions per mile than those that are scrapped or on the road in Great Britain. The researchers used mandatory annual vehicle inspections – known as MOT tests – of all 65 million used vehicles on British roads between 2005 and 2021 to compare the pollution and emissions intensity of vehicles exported to those scrapped, destroyed, or driven in Great Britain.
The data revealed substantially higher rates of carbon dioxide and pollution generation in exported vehicles. Amongst the seven million vehicles legally exported from Great Britain, exported used cars generated at least 13% more carbon dioxide per kilometre than scrapped cars, and 17% more than used vehicles on British roads. Exported vehicles were also 3.3 miles per gallon worse on fuel efficiency than those sent to the scrapyard.
Study figure 1: Pollution generated per kilometre by used vehicle fleets. Exported cars (orange) generate at least 13-24% more CO2 per kilometre (a), similar average but (through overdispersion) higher median fine particulate matter pollution (b), and (c) at least 53% more nitrogen oxides per kilometre than scrapped (green) or on-road (blue) vehicle fleets. Both exported car and LGVs fleets also have larger observed engine capacities (d) and worse fuel efficiency (e) despite being similar ages to on-road fleets and much younger than contemporary scrapped vehicles (f). Boxes show interquartile range (IQR), whiskers are 1.5x IQR, sample size (millions) on uppermost x-axes, summary data supplied in figshare repository.
Lead author Dr Saul Newman, Research Associate at the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science and Demographic Science Unit at Oxford Population Health said ‘Our study reveals that the UK, a leading global exporter of used vehicles with high vehicle emissions standards inside its own borders, offshores vehicle emissions to lower-income countries who are already suffering the most from climate change.’
Over half of all vehicle exports to low and middle-income countries originate from the EU and UK, with virtually all remaining trade coming from Japan and the United States. Whilst these countries maintain high emission standards domestically, almost all countries that receive their vehicle exports have no emission standards of their own.
Study figure 2: Export of consistently higher-emitting vehicles from Great Britain. Exported vehicles (orange) are consistently more polluting (a) than contemporary scrapped (green) and used on-road (blue) vehicles. Cleaner choices and improving standards have lowered exported emissions, after considerable delay, but the gap between exported and scrapped fleets persists (b) and is growing post-pandemic. Scrapped vehicles are cleaner than exports across 5,874 (95%) of our 6,145 observed postcode regions (2005-2021 inclusive) covering every community in Britain (c). Grey regions have insufficient data or no inspection sites. Orange line (b) shows locally weighted smoothed spline; note non-zero y-axis (a) to emphasise variation.
Significantly higher nitrogen oxide rates – an air pollutant that causes millions of deaths each year and can be effectively avoided when emission standards are enforced – were emitted per kilometre from exported than scrapped cars. It was striking that almost all exported diesel cars (98%) failed the European Union’s EURO-6 diesel emissions standards for nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, and most (83%) were predicted to fail the carbon dioxide standards. The study also highlights the issues surrounding the manipulation of emissions testing data which adds to the challenges of measuring emissions.
Dr Saul Newman said ‘This study shows that we have been exporting dirtier cars than those we send to the scrapyard. This presents an enormous opportunity to clean up emissions in lower-income countries, simply by applying our own domestic emission standards to vehicles sent offshore.’
The study calls for the UK’s world-leading vehicle emissions standards to be applied to all exported vehicles which would see cleaner instead of dirtier vehicles sent to lower-income countries. Such measures would reduce economic burdens of vehicle ownership as cleaner vehicles require lower ongoing maintenance and fuel costs, and align with increasing cleaner air and climate action calls.
Professor Melinda Mills, Director of the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science and Demographic Science Unit concludes ‘This study uses existing government data in a novel way to uncover considerable offshoring of vehicle emissions to low- and middle-income countries. The findings are striking and call for an evaluation of existing policies and practices around car pollution and exported vehicles.’
This forms one of many upcoming studies by the Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science and Demographic Science Unit on our Geospatial and Environmental Demography theme, and issues and solutions of growing vehicle emissions globally.
